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Entry
CA00309                                                            
Classification
Carotenoid Name
β-Carotene;
beta-Carotene
IUPAC name beta,beta-Carotene
Formula
C40H56
Molecular Weight 
536.848 g/mol
Structure      Search similar carotenoids

Mol file
Carotenoid DB Fingerprints 
Biological functions/Properties 
  • Photosynthetic pigment in cyanobacteria to higher plants (Ref.500, Ref.503).
  • Photoprotective agent (Ref.451).
  • Present in the most divisions of the reaction-center complexes (RC) and the light-harvesting complexes (LHC) of photosystem I (PSI) as well as the RC and the core LHC of photosystem II (PSII) (Ref.526, Ref.461, and Ref.744).
  • Provitamin A (Ref.408, Ref.410).
  • An antioxidant - free radical scavenger/singlet oxygen quencher. 101 times stronger than that of α-tocopherol - SOAC value: 101 (Ref.616, Ref.415, Ref.451, Ref.597, Ref.598, Ref.599).
  • Anti-apoptic agent - preventing loss of Bcl2, preventing accumulation of Bax, and preventing accumulation or activation of Caspase 3 (Ref.782). β-carotene derived retinoid acids bind with retinoid acid receptor (PAR) and retinoid X receptor are dimerized and regulate genes during neurogenesis and neuroprotection against apoptosis (Ref.782).
  • Anticarcinogenic activity (Ref.414, Ref.491).
  • Cell differentioan and proliferation promoter by upregulating Connexin43 gene. (Ref.412).
  • Immune response enhancement in animals and humans (Ref.472).
  • Found in human skin throughout the epidermis, dermis, and also the subcutaneous (Ref.753).
  • Brownish yellow color (Ref.430).
    • Number of
    conjugated double bonds 
    11
    Number of
    conjugated multiple bonds 
    11
    Isomers 
  • Constitutional isomer: CA00043, CA00045, CA00191, CA00298, CA00305, CA00587, CA01191, CA00677, CA00680, CA00681, CA00720
  • Cis/trans isomer: CA00311, CA00312, CA00310
    • InChI

    InChIKey

    Canonical SMILES

    XLogP
    14.734
    Hydrogen Bond donors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    0
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    0
    LipinskiFailures
    1
    Complexity of molecule
    0.312
    Number of heavy atoms
    40
    TPSA
    (Topological Polar Surface Area) 
    0.000 Å2
    Reaction
  • Substrate: CR00021,  CR00041,  CR00049,  CR00050,  CR00057,  CR00073,  CR00075,  CR00083,  CR00084,  CR00102,  CR00153,  CR00157,  CR00459,  CR00192,  CR00234,  CR00357,  CR00457,  CR00446
  • Product: CR00106,  CR00365,  CR00375
    • Pathway
    Major carotenoid information
    Major carotenoid found in human serum (Ref.724) and human milk (Ref.722). Major carotenoid in land plants (Ref.732). Major in a variety of fruits: acerola, green and red apple, apricot, banana, grapes, pineapple (Ref.714), and Japanese citrus fruit ponkan mandarin (Ref.723). Also major in a variety of vegetables: broccoli, brussels sprouts, carrot, cauliflower, chicory, dandelion, garden rocket, kale, lettuce, pumpkin, spinach, and squash (Ref.714). Major carotenoid in many cyanobacteria: Anabaena spp., Nostoc spp., Synechocystis spp., Thermo-synechococcus, Synechococcus spp., Prochlorococcus, and Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 (Ref.732, Ref.266). Major carotenoid also found in red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis (Ref.734).
    Minor carotenoid information
    Minor in Chrysanthemum flower (Ref.736).; Minor carotenoid in Erythrobacter flavus strain KJ5 (Ref.756).
    Source organisms
    Halobacterium cutirubrum (Ref.331) - Archaea: Euryarchaeota (Euryarchaeota - Halobacteriaceae)
    Haloarcula japonica (Ref.621) - Archaea: Euryarchaeota, triangular, disc-shaped, extremely halophilic archaeon that requires high concentrations of NaCl for growth (Euryarchaeota - Halobacteriaceae)
    Halorubrum chaoviator Halo-G (Ref.333) - Archaea: Euryarchaeota (Euryarchaeota - Haloferacaceae)
    Thermus thermophilus (Ref.435) - Deinococcus-Thermus: Thermophilic bacterium (Deinococci - Thermaceae)
    Rhizobium lupini (Ref.449) - Alphaproteobacteria: root nodule bacterium (Alphaproteobacteria - Rhizobiaceae)
    Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Ref.557) - Actinobacteria (Actinobacteria - Mycobacteriaceae)
    Micrococcus roseus (Ref.387) - Actinobacteria (Actinobacteria - Micrococcaceae)
    Halomicronema hongdechloris (Ref.678) - A Chl f-containing filamentous cyanobacterium purified from stromatolites of Shark Bay, Wes-tern Australia. "hong-de-chloris" represents "red chlorophyll" in Chinese. (Ref.678) (Cyanobacteria - Leptolyngbyaceae)
    Prochloron sp. (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1986 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1375 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 2773 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorothrix hollandica strain PCC 9006 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria: filamentous oxygenic photoautotrophic procaryotes containing chlorophylls a and b. (Cyanobacteria - Pseudanabaenaceae)
    Acaryochloris marina strain MBIC 11017 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria: symbiotic species Unicellular Cyanobacterium, an epiphyte on red alga (Cyanobacteria - Acaryochloridaceae)
    Acaryochloris sp. strain Awaji (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria: an epiphyte on red alga (Cyanobacteria - Acaryochloridaceae)
    Synechocystis sp. (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Merismopediaceae)
    Merismopedia punctata (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: colony square or rectangular (Cyanobacteria - Merismopediaceae)
    Calothrix parietina (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: a hair-forming cyanobacteria rom an upland stream (Cyanobacteria - Rivulariaceae)
    Synechococcus elongatus (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: freshwater unicellular cyanobacterium (Cyanobacteria - Synechococcaceae)
    Anacystis nidulans (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: other name is Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (Cyanobacteria - Synechococcaceae)
    Synechococcus leopoliensis (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Synechococcaceae)
    Synechococcus vulcanus (Ref.197) - Cyanobacteria: hot spring alga (Cyanobacteria - Synechococcaceae)
    Arthrospira sp. (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Microcoleus paludosus (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Microcoleus vaginatus (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Oscillantoria rubescens (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix rubescens (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Oscillatoria agardhii (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix agardhii (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Planktothrix agardhii (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Microcystis aeruginosa (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcystaceae)
    Coccochloris elabens (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Aphanothecaceae)
    Aphanizomenon gracile (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Aphanizomenonaceae)
    Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Aphanizomenonaceae)
    Mastigocladus laminosus (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Hapalosiphonaceae)
    Anabaena aerulosa oscillatorioides (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Anabaena cylindrica (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria: a nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Anabaena flos-aquae (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: filamentous cyanobacterium same as Dolichospermum flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria - Aphanizomenonaceae)
    Anabaena variabilis (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria: filamentous cyanobacterium (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 (Ref.527) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Cylindrospormum sp. (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Nostoc commune (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: star jelly, witch's butter, mare's eggs, fah-tsai and facai, eaten as a salad (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Nostoc sp. (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 (Ref.72) - Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Stigonema ocellatum (Ref.603) - Cyanobacteria: terrestrial cyanobacteria sampled from rock surfaces containing chlorophyll a (Cyanobacteria - Stigonemataceae)
    Stigonema hormoides (Ref.603) - Cyanobacteria: terrestrial cyanobacteria sampled from rock surfaces containing chlorophyll a (Cyanobacteria - Stigonemataceae)
    Scytonema crassum (Ref.603) - Cyanobacteria: terrestrial cyanobacteria sampled from rock surfaces containing chlorophyll a (Cyanobacteria - Scytonemataceae)
    Oscillatoria amoena (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Oscillatoria limosa (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Oscillatoria princeps (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Oscillatoria tenuis (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: hot spring alga (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium ectocarpi (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium foveolarum (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium lucidum (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium percicinum (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Tolypothrix tenuis (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: filaments repeated single false branched forming cyanobacteria, yellow-brown colored (Cyanobacteria - Tolypothrichaceae)
    Cyanophora paradoxa (Ref.55) - Glaucophyte: a freshwater species ((Glaucocystophyceae) - Cyanophoraceae)
    Glaucocystis nostochinearum (Ref.55) - Glaucophyte: Glaucocystophyceae ((Glaucocystophyceae) - Glaucocystaceae)
    Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Ref.63) - Red alga: Cyanidiaceae, unicellular haploid red alga adapted to high sulfur acidic hot spring environments (Rhodophyta - Cyanidiaceae)
    Porphyridium aerugineum (Ref.55) - Red alga: Porphyridiaceae, unicellular alga (Rhodophyta - Porphyridiaceae)
    Porphyridium cruentum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Porphyridiaceae, unicellular alga (Rhodophyta - Porphyridiaceae)
    Scinaia confusa (Ref.10) - Red alga: Nemaliales (Rhodophyta - Scinaiaceae)
    Scinaia latifrons (Ref.10) - Red alga: Nemaliales (Rhodophyta - Scinaiaceae)
    Rhodymenia palmata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Palmariales (Rhodophyta - Palmariaceae)
    Bangia alropurpurea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Porphyra perforata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Bangia fuscopurpurea (Ref.9) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Gigartina stellata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus volans (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella accida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus exasperatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus spinosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus corymbiferus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella affinis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Callophyllis pinnata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Kallymeniaceae)
    Mastocarpus papillatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Phyllophoraceae)
    Eucheuma uncinatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Solieriaceae)
    Grateloupia setchelii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Prionitis lyalii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Plocamium violaceae (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Plocamium cartilagineum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Bonnemaisonia hamifera (Ref.9) - Red alga: Bonnemaisoniales (Rhodophyta - Bonnemaisoniaceae)
    Antithamnion plumula (Ref.11) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Centroceras clavulatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Ceramium rubrum (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Microcladia coulteri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Neoptilota densa (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Neoptilota hypnoides (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Phycodrys amplissima (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Acrosorium ciliolatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Cryptopleura lobulifera (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Polyneura latissima (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Polysiphonia brodiae (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Laurencia gardneri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Osmundea spectabilis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia pacifica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia urceolata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia hendryi (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Bossiella orbignyana (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Corallina officinalis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Corallina vancouverensis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Jania tenella (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Bossiella californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Calliarthron tuberculosum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Pterocladia capillacea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium johnstonii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium coulteri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium robustum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Pterocladia lucida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Opuntiella californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gracilaria textorii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gracilariaceae)
    Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gracilariaceae)
    Smithora naiadum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Compsopogonophyceae (Rhodophyta - Erythropeltidaceae)
    Asterocytis ramosa (Ref.55) - Red alga: Compsopogonophyceae (Rhodophyta - Goniotrichaceae)
    Chlamydomonas parkeae (Ref.15) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular marine flagellate (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadaceae)
    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Ref.12, Ref.13, Ref.14) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular green alga (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadaceae)
    Tetracystis aplanosporum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Tetracystis intermidium (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Tetracystis tetrasporum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Tetracystis sp. (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Ettlia carotinosa (Ref.16) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Protosiphon botryoides (Ref.16, Ref.17) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Chlorococcum citriforme (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Neospongiococcum gelatinosum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Dunaliella spp. (Ref.604) - Green alga: Dunaliellaceae (Chlorophyta - Dunaliellaceae)
    Dunaliella salina (Ref.604) - Green alga: Dunaliellaceae (Chlorophyta - Dunaliellaceae)
    Chlorella zofingiensis (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Chromochloridaceae)
    Neochloris wimmeri  - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Neochloridaceae)
    Muriella aurantiaca (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Pseudomuriellaceae)
    Scotiellopsis oocystiformis (Ref.16) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Scenedesmaceae)
    Coelastrum proboscideum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Scenedesmaceae)
    Chlorella fusca (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Scenedesmaceae)
    Ankistrodesmus spp. (Ref.16) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Selenastraceae)
    Microdictyon boergesenii (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Anadyomenaceae)
    Basicladia sp. (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Chaetomorpha okamurae (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora horii (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora kosterae (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Aegagrophila linnaei (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Chaetomorpha crassa (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora conchopheria (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora albida (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora coelothrix (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora japonica (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora pellucida (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora sericea (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora vagabunda (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora ohkuboana (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora glomerata (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Rhizoclonium grande (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Pithophora sp. (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Pithophoraceae)
    Wittrockiella lyallii (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Pithophoraceae)
    Wittrockiella paradoxa (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Pithophoraceae)
    Cladophoropsis vaucheriaeformis (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Cladophoropsis fasciculatus (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Cladophoropsis membranacea (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Siphonocladus tropicus (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Pleurastrum paucicellulare (Ref.16) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Ulotrichales incertae sedis)
    Tetraselmis suecica (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis tetrathele (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis wettsteinii (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis sp. (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis chui (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis marina (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis rubens (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis subcordiformis (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Oedogonium cardiacum (Ref.16) - Green alga: Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta - Oedogoniales)
    Chara gymnophylla (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara contraria (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara hispida (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara rudis (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara globularis (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara intermedia (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara polyacantha (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara aspera (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara foetida (Ref.16) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara vulgaris (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Nitella opaca (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Bathycoccus prasinos (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Bathycoccaceae)
    Mantoniella squamata (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Mamiellaceae)
    Micromonas pusilla (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Mamiellaceae)
    Nephroselmis olivace (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Nephroselmis rotunda (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Nephroselmis pyriformis (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Prasinococcus capsulatus (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Prasinococcales)
    Pseudoscourfieldia marina (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Pycnococcaceae)
    Pycnococcus provasolii (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Pycnococcaceae)
    Pyramimonas amylifera (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte same as Polyblepharides amylifera (Chlorophyta - Pyramimonadales)
    Pyramimonas parkeae (Ref.48) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Pyramimonadales)
    Arousa sp. (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Unclassified chlorophyta - Unclassified chlorophyta)
    Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Ref.21) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorellaceae)
    Muriellopsis sp. (Ref.18) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Oocystaceae)
    Botryococcus braunii (Ref.19) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Botryococcaceae)
    Botryococcus braunii Kawaguchi-1 (Ref.301) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Botryococcaceae)
    Muriella decolor (Ref.18) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Trebouxiophyceaeincertae sedis)
    Cryptomonas ovata (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Cryptomonadaceae)
    Cryptomonas sp. (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Cryptomonadaceae)
    Hemiselmis virescens (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Hemiselmidaceae)
    Rhodomonas D3 (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Pyrenomonadaceae)
    Euglena rubida mainx (Ref.42) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Euglenaceae)
    Euglena gracilis var. bacillarus (Ref.41) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Euglenaceae)
    Euglena gracilis (Ref.37, Ref.38, Ref.40) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Euglenaceae)
    Euglena sanguinea (Ref.43) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Euglenaceae)
    Euglena viridis (Ref.44) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Euglenaceae)
    Eutreptiella gymnastica (Ref.45) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Eutreptiales)
    Coccolithus huxleyi (Ref.32) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Coccolithaceae)
    Hymenomonas carterae (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Hymenomonadaceae)
    Isochrysis galbana (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Isochrysidaceae)
    Pavlova lutheri (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Pavlovaceae)
    Phaeocystis sp. (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Phaeocystaceae)
    Prymnesium parvum (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Prymnesiaceae)
    Ochromonas sp. (Ref.30) - Golden alga: Chrysophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Chromulinaceae)
    Chromulina ochromonoides (Ref.30) - Golden alga: Chrysophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Chromulinaceae)
    Poterioochromonas malhamensis (Ref.30) - Golden alga: Synurophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Ochromonadaceae)
    Synura petersenii (Ref.30) - Golden alga: Synurophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Mallomonadaceae)
    Pelagococcus subviridis (Ref.29) - Alga: Pelagophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Pelagomonadales)
    Sarcinochrysis marina Getler (Ref.30) - Alga: Pelagophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Sarcinochrysidaceae)
    Olisthodiscus luteus (Ref.30) - Alga: unclassified stramenopiles ((Stramenopiles) - Unclassified stramenopiles)
    Nitzschia sp. (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Bacillariaceae)
    Navicula pelliculosa (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Naviculaceae)
    Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Phaeodactylaceae)
    Skeletonema menzelii (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Skeletonemataceae)
    Skeletonema costatum (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Skeletonemataceae)
    Thalassiosira oceanica (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Thalassiosiraceae)
    Thalassiosira pseudonana (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Thalassiosiraceae)
    Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Thalassiosiraceae)
    Thalassiosira rotula (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Thalassiosiraceae)
    Grammatophora oceanica (Ref.36) - Alga: Diatom (Bacillariophyta - Grammatophoraceae)
    Ascophyllum nodosum (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Fucus serratus (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Fucus vesiculosus (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Pelvetia canaliculata (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Laminaria saccharina (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Laminariaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Laminariaceae)
    Laminaria digitata (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Laminariaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Laminariaceae)
    Nannochloropsis oculata (Ref.27, Ref.28) - Alga: Eustigmatophyceae ((Eustigmatophyceae) - Monodopsidaceae)
    Nannochloropsis salina (Ref.27, Ref.28) - Alga: Eustigmatophyceae ((Eustigmatophyceae) - Monodopsidaceae)
    Chattonella japonica (Ref.35) - Alga: Raphidophyceae ((Raphidophyceae) - Chattonellaceae)
    Fibrocapsa japonica (Ref.35) - Alga: Raphidophyceae ((Raphidophyceae) - Chattonellaceae)
    Gonyostomum semen (Ref.35) - Alga: Raphidophyceae ((Raphidophyceae) - Chattonellaceae)
    Vacuolaria virescens (Ref.35) - Alga: Raphidophyceae ((Raphidophyceae) - Chattonellaceae)
    Gymnodinum nelsoni (Ref.33) - Alga: Dinoflagellate ((Alveolata) - Gymnodiniaceae)
    Gymnodinum splendens (Ref.33) - Alga: Dinoflagellate ((Alveolata) - Gymnodiniaceae)
    Amphidinium carterae (Ref.33) - Alga: Dinoflagellate ((Alveolata) - Gymnodiniaceae)
    Gyrodinium dorsum (Ref.33) - Alga: Dinoflagellate ((Alveolata) - Gymnodiniaceae)
    Glenodinium sp. (Ref.33) - Alga: Dinoflagellate ((Alveolata) - Glenodiniaceae)
    Tovellia sanguinea (Ref.34) - Alga: Dinoflagellate ((Alveolata) - Tovelliaceae)
    Peridinium bipes (Ref.494) - Alga: Dinoflagellate ((Alveolata) - Peridiniaceae)
    Spinacia oleracea L. (Ref.601) - Land plant: spinach (Streptophyta - Chenopodiaceae)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (Ref.554) - Land plant: thale-cress, a model organism (Streptophyta - Brassicaceae)
    Capsicum annuum var. lycopersiciforme flavum (Ref.283) - Land plant: yellow paprika (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Lycium barbarum (Ref.692) - Land plant: goji berry, wolfberry, Duke of Argyll's teatree, Lycium barbarum L. (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Lycium chinense (Ref.692) - Land plant: goji berry, Chinese boxthorn, Chinese wolfberry, kuko, gou qi, same as Lycium chinense Mill., 1768 (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Passiflora edulis (Ref.129,　Ref.693) - Land plant: yellow passion fruit (Streptophyta - Passifloraceae)
    Ipomoea batatas Lam. (Ref.295) - Land plant: sweet potato (Streptophyta - Convolvulaceae)
    Coffea canephora (Ref.323) - Land plant: robusta coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Coffea arabica (Ref.323) - Land plant: arabica coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Averrhoa carambola (Ref.281) - Land plant: starfruit (Streptophyta - Oxalidaceae)
    Diospyros kaki (Ref.282) - Land plant: kaki persimmon (Streptophyta - Ebenaceae)
    Rosa gallica officinalis (Ref.378) - Land plant: Rosaceae: French rose (Streptophyta - Rosaceae)
    Carica papaya (Ref.566) - Land plant: papaya (Streptophyta - Caricaceae)
    Bixa orellana (Ref.764) - Land plant: Bixaceae (Streptophyta - Bixaceae)
    Mangifera indica (Ref.284) - Land plant: mango (Streptophyta - Anacardiaceae)
    Boronia megastigma (Ref.297) - Land plant: brown boronia (Streptophyta - Rutaceae)
    Cucumis melo Inodorus Group (Ref.392) - Land plant: orange-fleshed muskmelon "honeydew" (Streptophyta - Cucurbitaceae)
    Citrullus vulgaris (Ref.484) - Land plant: watermelon (Streptophyta - Cucurbitaceae)
    Calendula officinalis (Ref.430) - Land plant: common marigold (Streptophyta - Asteraceae)
    Elaeis spp. (Ref.431) - Land plant: palm oil (Streptophyta - Arecaceae)
    Camellia sinensis (Ref.215) - Land plant: tea, black tea, Camellia sinensis L. (Streptophyta - Theaceae)
    Protousnea sp. (Ref.388) - Fungi: lichen (Ascomycota - Lecanorineae)
    Solorina crocea (Ref.374) - Fungi: lichen (Ascomycota - Peltigeraceae)
    Cladonia sp. (Ref.609) - Fungi: lichen, ascomycetes (Ascomycota - Cladoniaceae)
    Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Ref.204) - Fungi: red yeast (Basidiomycota - Cystofilobasidiaceae)
    Rhodotorula minuta (Ref.506) - Fungi: red yeast (Basidiomycota - Cystobasidiaceae)
    Macrosiphum liriodendri (Ref.118) - Insect: aphid (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Aphididae)
    Galleria mellonella (Ref.558) - Insect: greater wax moth (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Pyralidae)
    Coccinella septempunctata (Ref.116) - Insect: seven-spotted ladybird (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Coccinellidae)
    Extatosoma tiaratum (Ref.308) - Insect: giant prickly stick insect (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Phasmatidae)
    Xantho poressa (Ref.307) - Crustacean: crab (Arthropoda - Xanthidae)
    Corbicula clams (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula japonica (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula sandai (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Fusinus perplexus (Ref.442) - Shellfish: univalve shell (Mollusca - Fasciolariidae)
    Clione limacina (Ref.635) - gastropods (Mollusca - Clionidae)
    Paedoclione doliiformis (Ref.635) - gastropods (Mollusca - Clionidae)
    Limacina helicina (Ref.635) - gastropods (Mollusca - Limacinidae)
    Suberites sericeus (Ref.393) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Suberitidae)
    Suberites domuncula (Ref.588) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Suberitidae)
    Microciona prolifera (Ref.372) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Microcionidae)
    Gelliodes callista (Ref.253) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Niphatiidae)
    Plesiocolochirus minutus (Ref.763) - sea cucumber (Echinodermata - Cucumariidae)
    Gymnogobius castaneus (Ref.772) - Bony fish: Rosary goby, small goby（4～6 cm body length）that inhabits the middle stretches of rivers, lakes, and lagoons in North Eastern Japan. Its tail fin is bright orange in color. (Chordata - Gobiidae)
    Rana temporaria (Ref.420) - Common frog (Chordata - Ranidae)
    Rhacophorus bipunctatus (Ref.421) - Himalaya flying frog (Chordata - Rhacophoridae)
    Phoenicoparrus andinus (Ref.471) - Bird: Andean flamingo (Chordata - Phoenicopteridae)
    Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Ref.471) - Bird: Puna flamingo (Chordata - Phoenicopteridae)
    Homo sapiens (Ref.407) - Mammal: Human (Chordata - Hominidae)
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    • CAS
    7235-40-7
    Links to other DB
    KEGG COMPOUND: C02094
    KNApSAcK: C00000919
    LipidBank: VCA0001
    MassBank: CA000023
    ProCarDB: C1920

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